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Sanskrit has been studied by Western scholars since the late 18th century. In the 19th century, the study of Sanskrit played a crucial role in the development of the field of comparative linguistics of the Indo-European languages. During the British Raj (1857-1947), Western scholars edited many Sanskrit texts which had survived in manuscript form. The study of Sanskrit grammar and philology remains important both in the field of Indology and of Indo-European studies. ==History== The study of Sanskrit in the Western world began in the 17th century.〔 Some of Bhartṛhari's poems were translated into Portuguese in 1651. In 1779 a legal code known as was translated by Nathaniel Brassey Halhed from a Persian translation, and published as ''A Code of Gentoo Laws''. In 1785 Charles Wilkins published an English translation of the Bhagavad Gita, which was the first time a Sanskrit book had been translated directly into a European language.〔 Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.〕 In 1786 Sir William Jones, who had founded The Asiatic Society〔T. K. John, "Research and Studies by Western Missionaries and Scholars in Sanskrit Language and Literature," in the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Vol. III, Ollur() 2010 Ed. George Menachery, pp.79 - 83 〕 two years earlier, delivered the third annual discourse;〔(A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics: The Third Anniversary Discourse, On the Hindus )〕 in his often-cited "philologer" passage, he noted similarities between Sanskrit, Ancient Greek and Latin—an event which is often cited as the beginning of comparative linguistics, Indo-European studies, and Sanskrit philology. This common source of the Indo-European languages eventually came to be known as Proto-Indo-European, following the work of Franz Bopp and others. In 1789 Jones published a translation of Kālidāsa's ''The Recognition of Sakuntala''. The translation captured the admiration of many, notably Goethe, who expressed his admiration for the Sanskrit play Shakuntala: Goethe went on to borrow a device from the play for his ''Faust, Part One''. In the introduction to ''The World as Will and Representation'', written in 1818, Arthur Schopenhauer stated that "the access to (Vedas ), opened to us through the Upanishads, is in my eyes the greatest advantage which this still young century enjoys over previous ones, because I believe that the influence of the Sanscrit literature will penetrate not less deeply than did the revival of Greek literature in the fifteenth century".〔Arthur Schopenhauer: The World as Will and Representation (Preface to the First Edition). Translated by R.B. Haldane and J. Kemp.〕 The Irish poet William Butler Yeats was also inspired by Sanskrit literature.〔"The Collected Works of W.B. Yeats Vol. V: Later Essays" by William Butler Yeats, p. 390-391〕 However, the discovery of the world of Sanskrit literature moved beyond German and British scholars and intellectuals — Henry David Thoreau was a sympathetic reader of the Bhagavad Gita〔"The Sanskrit Epics" By J. L. Brockington〕 — and even beyond the humanities. Ralph Waldo Emerson was also influenced by Sanskrit literature. In the early days of the Periodic Table, scientists referred to as yet undiscovered elements with the use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes (see Mendeleev's predicted elements). J. Robert Oppenheimer in 1933 met the Indologist Arthur W. Ryder at Berkeley and learned Sanskrit. He read the Bhagavad Gita in the original language.〔"Einstein and Oppenheimer: The Meaning of Genius", by Silvan S. Schweber, Page 189〕 Later he cited it as one of the most influential books to shape his philosophy of life, and his quotation from the Bhagavad Gita "Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." in reference to the Trinity test is well-known.〔Original quote "kālo'smi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛttaḥ", appeared in various forms in English; see J. Robert Oppenheimer for discussion of this quote.〕 The nineteenth century was a golden age of Western Sanskrit scholarship, and many of the giants of the field (Whitney, Macdonnell, Monier-Williams, Grassmann) knew each other personally. Perhaps the most commonly known example of Sanskrit in the West was also the last gasp of its vogue. T. S. Eliot, a student of Indian Philosophy and of Sanskrit under Lanman, ended ''The Waste Land'' with Sanskrit: "Shantih Shantih Shantih". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sanskrit studies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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